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In an age of great power rivalry where does that leave the rest of the world? Infographics: State of Power 2025

China has become the major trade partner for more and more countries giving countries more trade and investment options 

China is the most important country for imports for more than 65 countries

Source: TNI based on World Bank data, 2022. https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=en

Although much smaller than China and the US, middle Powers, especially oil-producing countries, are becoming more significant global players.

Infographic: Saudi Arabia and UAE Foreign Direct Investment Stock (1990-2023)

Source: TNI based on UNCTAD database, 2024. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/

But developing countries still mainly have access to primary commodity export markets. 

Infographic: Market concentration index of exports (2005-2022)

Source: UNCTAD database, 2023. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/insights/theme/12#metadata

 Overall foreign direct investment in low and middle-income countries has also fallen since 2020.

Infographic: Inward Foreign Direct Investment as % of GDP 1990-2023

Source: UNCTAD database, 2024. https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/

With growing protectionism hitting world trade/globalisation even before Trump took office

Infographic: World trade as % share of GDP (1979-2023)

Source: UNCTAD, 2024. https://unctad.org/news/reshaping-global-trade-how-developing-countries-can-strategize

Infographic: Number of trade restrictions imposed annually worldwide (2010-2022)

Source: IMF, 2023. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/08/28/the-high-cost-of-global-economic-fragmentation

Countries across Africa have failed to recover from the global economic crisis and pandemic.

Infographic: GDP per capita of 10 largest African economies (2000-2022)

Source: TNI based on Maddison Project Database, 2023. https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34894/INZBF2

Indebtedness in low and middle income countries is becoming an increasingly major block to development.

Infographic: Number of developing countries with net interest payments exceeding 10% of revenues (2023)

Source: UN GCRG based on IMF World Economic Outlook, 2024. https://unctad.org/publication/world-of-debt

The research for these infographics was done by Benjamin Wray with the support of Nick Buxton. Sean  Kenji Starrs also provided graphics based on his own calculations. The designs were done by Evan Clayburg.

Other infographics

State of power 2025

These infographics are part of the State of Power 2025 report: Geopolitics of Capitalism. You can access the full report here.